![]() ![]() The DAD was set at 350, 310, 270 and 520 nm for real-time read-out and UV/VIS spectra, from 190 to 650 nm, were continuously collected for plant component identification. The gradient was varied linearly from 10% to 26% B (v/v) in 40 min, to 65% B at 70 min, and finally to 100% B at 71 min and held at 100% B to 75 min. The mobile phase consisted of a combination of A (0.1% formic acid in water) and B (0.1% formic acid in acetonitrile). The column oven temperature was set at 25 ☌. A waters (Waters Corp., Milford, MA) symmetry column (C18, 5 μm, 250 × 4.6 mm) with a sentry guard column (Symmetry 5 μm, 3.9 × 20 mm) was used at a flow rate of 1.0 ml/min. The LC-DAD-ESI/MS instrument consisted of an Agilent 1100 HPLC (Agilent, Palo Alto, CA) coupled with a diode array detector (DAD) and mass spectrometer (MSD, SL mode). This report, describes the identification and quantification of these glycosylated flavonoids in cashew apples. One anthocyanin and 13 glycosylated flavonols were detected in the cashew apple for the first time. ![]() As part of a project to determine flavonoids in food plants, we examined freeze-dried cashew apple, using a standardized screening method ( Lin & Harnly, 2007) consisting of liquid chromatography with diode array and electrospray ionization mass spectrometry detection (LC-DAD-ESI/MS). ![]() Flavonoids are readily detected by liquid chromatography with diode array and/or mass spectrometric detection ( Cuyckens & Cleays, 2004). The flavonoid content of food plants has been reported to offer biological benefits, such as reduced risk of cancer and cardiovascular disease ( Heim, Tagliaferro, & Bobilya, 2003 Robards, 2003 Robards, Prenzler, Tucker, Swatsitang, & Glover, 1999). occidentale ( Harborne & Baxter, 1999a), but there are no reports of glycosylated flavonols or anthocyanins. Two flavonoid aglycones have been isolated from A. Phenolic constituents, (anacardic acids, cardols, cardanols) were reported to be present in cashew nut shell ( Paramashivappa, Phani Kumar, Vithayathil, & Srinivasa Rao, 2001). The total radical-trapping antioxidant potential (TRAP) assay showed lowered oxidative damage-induced mutagenesis by co- and post-treatments with the juices ( Melo-Cavalcante et al., 2003).Ĭhemically, the cashew apple contains volatile compounds ( Bicalho et al., 2000), resorcinolic acid, anacardic acids, carotenoids (α-carotene, β-carotene and β-cryptoxanthin), vitamin C, phenols and tannin ( Assuncao & Mercadante, 2003). Cashew apple juice and cajuina, the clarified juice, also have excellent anti-oxidant potential, as evidenced by their ability to scavenge free peroxyl radicals. Therefore, identification of the apples’ health-beneficial chemical components could promote its use and have a significant economic impact ( Assuncao & Mercadante, 2003 Bicalho, Pereira, Aquino Neto, Pinto, & Rezende, 2000).Ĭashew apple juice has been reported to have antitumor ( Cavalcante, Rübensam, Erdtmann, Brendel, & Henriques, 2005 Kubo, Ochi, Vieira, & Komatsu, 1993 Kozubek, Zarnowski, Stasiuk, & Gubernator, 2001), antimicrobial (Cavalcante et al., 2003 Kubo, Lee, & Kubo, 1999 Kubo, Nihei, & Tsujimoto, 2003 Kubo, Muroi, & Himejima, 1993), urease inhibitory ( Kubo et al., 1999) and lipoxygenase activity ( Ha & Kubo, 2005). Cashew production is of high social and economical importance for many countries, including India and some African countries, due to the labour force required in the field and for processing. In Brazil, almost 96% of the cashew cultivation is located in the northeast region. Cashew cultivation occupies an estimated 700,000 hectares with a cashew nut production of 280,000 tons/year ( Embrapa, 1992 Filgueiras, Alves, Masca, & Menezes, 1999 Leite & Paula Pessoa, 2002). The edible cashew nut is an extremely important agricultural trade product for Brazil. (Anacardiaceae), has its origin in Brazil and is well established in many tropical regions. ![]() The cashew tree, Anacardium occidentale L. ![]()
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